ᠵᠣᠩ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ《ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠᠷ》

ᠵᠣᠩ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠴᠢᠯ

ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯᠴᠢ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠬᠣᠪᠪᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠣᠪᠪᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠥᠷᠢᠭᠦᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠠᠯ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠨᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠣᠪᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠮ᠃ ᠠ᠃ ᠸᠠᠰᠢᠯᠢᠺ᠂ ᠮ᠃ ᠰ᠃ ᠸᠧᠷᠰᠢᠨᠢᠨ᠂ ᠫᠷᠢᠨᠰᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠨᠡᠩᠰᠢ ᠵ᠃ ᠬᠢᠷᠰᠢᠮᠡᠨᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠡᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ (М. А. Василик & М. С. Вершинин, 2000, хууд. 814; Hirschmann, 2009, хууд. 79) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠴᠣᠬᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃

ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢᠴᠢ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ (John Locke; Джон Локк) 1632 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 29 ᠨᠳ ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠮᠡᠷᠰᠡᠲ ᠭᠦᠩᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠷᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ 12 ᠮᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠷᠢᠩᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠫᠦᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠯᠭᠡᠲᠡᠨ᠂ I ᠺᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠯᠠᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠬᠠᠮᠠᠳ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ᠂ ᠠᠩᠨᠡᠰ ᠺ ᠢᠶᠡᠨᠨᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡ ᠨᠢᠯᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠪᠷᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ 7 ᠮᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠫᠡᠨᠰᠹᠣᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ 1646 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ 14 ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠯᠧᠺᠰᠠᠨᠳᠠᠷ ᠫᠣᠫᠦᠭᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠯᠣᠨᠳᠣᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠩ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠸᠧᠰᠲ᠋ᠮᠢᠨᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠯᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠩᠭᠦᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ 1652 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠺᠰᠹᠣᠷᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ᠂ 1656 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ᠂ 1658 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠭᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ 1675 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃

1667 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠱᠧᠹᠲ᠋ᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠩᠲᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠯᠣᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠡᠩᠲᠣᠨᠢ ᠡᠰᠢᠯ ᠺᠦ᠋ᠫᠧᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠴᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠰᠤᠷᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠣ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ (Urmila Sharma & S. K. Sharma, 2006, хууд. 440; W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz , 2010, хууд. 291)᠃

1668 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ᠂ 1669 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠣᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠡᠰᠢᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠺᠠᠷᠣᠯᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠪᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ 1672-1679 ᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠱᠧᠹᠲ᠋ᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠩᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ 1675 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠡᠷ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠳᠡ ᠮᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ 1679 ᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠮᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃

1683 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠪᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠬᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠩᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠣᠯᠯᠠᠨ᠋ᠳ᠋ ᠷᠤ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ 1688 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠸᠢᠯᠢᠭᠡᠯᠮ ᠣᠷᠠᠨᠰᠺ ᠦ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ 1690 ᠊ᠭᠡᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠷᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ ᠷᠣᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠹᠢᠯᠮᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ《ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠᠷ᠄ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ ᠷᠣᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠹᠢᠯᠮᠡᠷ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ᠂ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠨᠢᠴᠤᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠰ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ》(Two Treatises of Civil Government; Два трактата о государственном /или гражданском/ правлении) (John Locke, 1698, хуудсд. 1-358) ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃

ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠠᠯ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠯᠲᠡᠲᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠡᠪᠵᠢᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ 1704 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 28 ᠨᠳ ᠯᠣᠨᠳᠣᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠣᠲᠣᠰ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠡᠮᠡᠷᠧᠰ ᠮᠥᠰᠢᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠠᠴᠠ 72 ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠰᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ «ᠵᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠠ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠦ᠄ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠨᠣᠶᠢᠷᠰᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠲᠠ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠪᠠᠯ ᠶᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠮᠡᠳᠴᠦ᠂ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠮ ᠲᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ» (Wikipedia, 2016; American History, 2016) ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠰᠡᠶᠢᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠤ᠃

ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠥᠭᠥᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ᠂ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ᠂ 36 ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠬᠦ 《ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠᠷ》 ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯᠴᠢ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ ᠷᠣᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠹᠢᠯᠮᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ 1680 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ 《ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ; ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤᠢ》 (Patriarcha; a Defence of the Natural Power of Kings against the Unnatural Liberty of the People; Патриарх; Защита естественной власти королей против неестественной свободы народа) ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠴᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢ. 《ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠᠷ》 ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠪᠢᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ (1679-1689 ᠣᠨ) ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠳᠠᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠷᠬᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠥᠨᠥᠬᠡᠨ ᠷᠣᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠹᠢᠯᠮᠡᠷ ᠳᠡᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ᠂ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠢ 《ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ ᠷᠣᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠹᠢᠯᠮᠡᠷ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ᠂ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠨᠢᠴᠤᠭᠠᠬᠤᠢ》 ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ 《ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ》(Локк, 2014, хууд. V) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃

ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠰᠧᠨᠰᠤᠸᠠᠯᠢᠰᠮ (ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ sensualisme᠂ ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ sensus ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠬᠦᠢ᠂ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ)᠂ ᠡᠮᠫᠢᠷᠢᠰᠮ (ᠭᠧᠷᠧᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ έμπειρία ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠴᠣᠷ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ) ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠳᠧᠠᠯᠢᠰᠲ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠤᠭᠲᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠰᠣᠯᠢᠫᠰᠢᠰᠮ (ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ solus ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠴᠣᠷ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ᠂ ipse ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠤᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠷᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ) ᠍ ᠲᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠣᠶᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃

ᠦᠬᠦᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ (God; Бог ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠠ) ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠵᠠᠢ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠣᠭᠲᠠᠷᠭᠤᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠥᠮ ᠰᠠᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠮ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠦᠭᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠩᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠮ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠷᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠰᠲᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠴᠡᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃

ᠬᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ tabula rasa ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤᠭᠲᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠠᠵᠠ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠵᠣᠪᠠᠯᠠᠩ ᠪᠡᠷᠬᠡᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠵᠠ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠥᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠠᠨ ᠷ᠃ ᠳᠧᠺᠠᠷᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠲᠡᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠵᠠᠢ (Нарский, 1973) ᠃

ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠮᠴᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠥᠩᠭᠡ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠴᠢᠭ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠤ᠂ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ 《ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠡᠰᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ᠂ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ》 ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ 

ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠯᠢᠩ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠢᠷᠠᠬᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠥᠪᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠬᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠᠬᠦ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠡᠯᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠰᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠢ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃

ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠲ᠃ ᠬᠣᠪᠪᠰ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠰᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠰᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠠᠲᠠᠭᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠣᠭᠣᠷᠴᠢ᠂ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠨ ᠤᠨᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠭᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠦᠮ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠰᠦᠮ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠳ ᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠯᠣᠺᠺ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠᠲᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ (ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠴᠢᠮᠵᠢ᠂ ᠤᠳᠬᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠠᠨᠲ ᠨᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠳᠬᠣᠨᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ)᠃

ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠᠷ᠄ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ ᠷᠣᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠹᠢᠯᠮᠡᠷ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ᠂ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠨᠢᠴᠤᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠣᠬᠣᠮ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠰ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ

ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠳᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷ᠃ 
ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ 
ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ᠃ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ 

(…) 4᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠯ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭ᠂ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠰᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠰ᠂ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠥᠮᠴᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ (…) 

ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠡᠳᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠡᠶᠡᠯᠡᠯᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ (ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠬᠤ) ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯ᠂ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠬᠤ᠂ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠮᠥᠨ (To properly understand political power and trace its origins, we must consider the state that all people are in naturally. That is a state of perfect freedom of acting and disposing of their own possessions and persons as they think fit within the bounds of the law of nature. (…) The natural state is also one of equality in which all power and jurisdiction is reciprocal and no one has more than another. It is evident that all human beings – as creatures belonging to the same species and rank and born indiscriminately with all the same natural advantages and faculties – are equal amongst themselves) (John Locke, 1698, хууд. 70)᠃

ᠭᠤᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ᠃  ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ

16᠃ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠭᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ ᠬᠥᠩᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠮᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠲᠤᠷ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠵᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠠᠨᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠨᠠᠮᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠨᠤᠯᠬᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠭᠣᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠢᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠠᠶᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠠᠨᠤᠯᠬᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠰᠤᠩᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠯᠠ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠴᠢᠨᠣ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠨᠡᠭᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠰᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠨᠤᠬᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠮᠦᠰ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ 

17᠃ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠰᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠄ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠮᠢᠨᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠮᠠᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠢᠨᠤ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠰᠤᠩᠨᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠠᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠨᠠᠮᠠᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠰᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠮᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠢᠨᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ᠂ ᠨᠠᠮᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠄ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠢ ᠮᠢᠨᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠤᠬᠤᠴᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠢᠨᠤ ᠠᠶᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠨᠤᠯᠬᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ (…) 

ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ

95᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠵᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠴᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ – ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠶᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠮᠴᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠡᠪ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠴᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠴᠢᠨᠡᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠵᠦ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠮ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ᠂ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ 

96᠃ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠯ᠂ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠲᠤ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠦᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠣᠷᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠄ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠪ ᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠡᠪᠳᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠡᠰᠡ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠄ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ (…) 

97᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠮ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠄ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠢ?᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠴᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠤᠤ? ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠳᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ (…) 

ᠶᠢᠰᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ

123᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠥᠮᠴᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ᠂ ᠰᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠪᠠ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠠᠪᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠥᠷᠲᠥᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ᠂ ᠰᠢᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠥᠮᠴᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠶᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠷᠲᠦᠳᠡᠭ ᠵᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠰ᠂ ᠠᠶᠤᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ᠂ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠢ «ᠥᠮᠴᠢ» ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ 

124᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠴᠦ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠮᠴᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ 

ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ᠂ ᠤᠤ ᠰᠢᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤ᠂ ᠰᠢᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠳᠦᠷᠢᠮ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ᠂ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠷᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 

125᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ᠂ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠮᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠄ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠯᠠ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠮᠵᠢᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠰᠢ ᠶᠠᠰᠢ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 

126᠃ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠱᠤᠳᠤᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠄ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠲᠠ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠡᠮᠭᠡᠨᠢᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ 

127᠃ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢᠭ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠣᠬᠣᠮ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ᠃ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠳᠢᠭ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠮ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠷᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠥᠮᠴᠢ ᠬᠥᠷᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋ᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠣᠬᠣᠮ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠭ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ 

128᠃ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯ᠂ ᠬᠥᠮᠥᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠯᠠ ᠴᠢᠭᠢᠷᠠᠭ᠂ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠰᠤᠯᠠ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠢ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠭ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ 

ᠥᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠵᠣᠭᠰᠣᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ ᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠰᠢᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ (…) ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡᠷᠡᠬᠡᠭᠡᠰᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ (…) 

ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ᠃ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ

132᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠢᠶᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠮᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠄ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ (Perfect Democracy; Совершенную демкратию)  ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠄ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠦᠨ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠪᠡᠯ ᠣᠯᠢᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠨ᠎ᠡ᠄ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠪᠠᠯ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠄ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠴᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ (Hereditary Monarchy; Наследственная монархия)᠂ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠠᠳ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠮᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ (Elective Monarchy; Выборная монархия)  ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠰᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠪᠡᠯ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠳᠠᠭ᠄ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠴᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ 

133᠃ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ᠂ ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ «civitas» ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ (any independent community) ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠄ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ «commonwealth» ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠦᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠢ ᠡᠯᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ «ᠬᠦᠢ ᠡᠯᠢᠭᠡᠨ» (community)᠂ «ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ» (city) ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠦᠢᠴᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ «ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ» ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ «ᠲᠥᠷᠥ» ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠭᠲᠣ ᠥᠭᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ (Джон Локк, 2000, хууд. 154)᠃ (…)

ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ

Hirschmann, N. J. (2009). Gender, Class, and Freedom in Modern Political Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

John Locke. (1698). Two Treatises of Government; In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and his Followers, are detected and overthrown. The Latter is an Essay concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil-Government. London: the Black Swan in Pater-Noster-Row. Retrieved September 9, 2016, from http://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadN9SUsJNiRw1sn8p6_9b2HHDe1gWfTf2RgivC2DQh_zN06ie4SdvTzGihPfWUyvrw4Etez875L-XsX_wMlGa3z5nwknSOfbC-cmWrC6YxD1Sc6v0yt_o0DHDjX4hu0C4pPXgMmgPSGoEs3g5UBlYADfj2xxNz0_fo95EEy6FzsM4BgZg2k4Ioqp1jHs6hgoCXPrb

Urmila Sharma , & S. K. Sharma. (2006). Western Political Thought. Washington: Atlantic Publishers.

W. Julian Korab-Karpowicz . (2010). A History of Political Philosophy: From Thucydides to Locke. New York: Global Scholarly Publications.

Wikipedia. (2016, September 20). Retrieved from John Locke: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke

Джон Локк. (2000). Два трактата о правлении. In М. А. Василик, & М. С. Вершинин (Eds.), Политология: Хрестоматия. Москва: Изд-во Гардарики.

Локк, Д. (2014). Два трактата о правлении. (Е. С. Лагутина, & Ю. В. Семенова, Trans.) Москва; Челябинск: Изд-во Социум.

М. А. Василик, & М. С. Вершинин (Eds.). (2000). Политология: Хрестоматия. Москва: Изд-во "Гардарики".

Нарский, И. С. (1973). Западноевропейская философия XVIII века; Учебное пособие. Москва: Изд-во "Высшая школа".

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠄ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠠᠨᠲ ᠨᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠳᠬᠣᠨᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ