ᠵᠣᠩ ᠤᠣᠯᠢᠮ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ
(JOHN WILLIAM BURGESS)
ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠤᠣᠯᠢᠮ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ 1844 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 26 ᠨᠳ ᠲᠡᠩᠨᠢᠰᠢ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠺᠣᠷᠨᠰᠪᠡᠯᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠩ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠲ᠃ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ᠂ ᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠵᠢᠦ᠋ᠳᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋ᠪᠠᠷᠳᠠᠰ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ 1630 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠰᠰᠠᠴᠢᠰᠡᠲᠲ᠋ᠰᠲ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠷᠬᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ 1867 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠮᠬᠧᠷᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠦᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ 1871-1873 ᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦᠲᠢᠩᠭᠢᠨ᠂ ᠯᠡᠶᠢᠫᠼᠢᠭ᠂ ᠪᠧᠷᠯᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ 1873 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠮᠬᠧᠷᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠷᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠢ 1876-1912 ᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1880 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ (School of Political Science) ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠨᠳᠣᠣ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ 1886 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠶᠤ-ᠢᠣᠷᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠫᠣᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠢᠺᠠᠯ ᠰᠺᠠᠶᠢᠨᠰ ᠺᠣᠦᠷᠲ᠋ᠧᠯᠢ (Political Science Quarterly) ᠍ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ (John William Burgess᠂ 2016)᠃
ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠥᠨᠥᠳᠥᠷ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠰᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ-ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠹᠷᠡᠩᠰᠢᠰ ᠯᠢᠪᠦᠷ (Francis Lieber) ᠍ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠣᠬᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠥᠭᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠲᠠᠢ ᠴᠤ᠂ ᠹ᠃ ᠯᠢᠪᠦᠷ 1858 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠢᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ (1837 ᠣᠨ) ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠨᠶᠤ-ᠢᠣᠷᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠠᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦ ᠰᠣᠮᠢ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠫᠷᠢᠨᠰᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠵᠣᠵᠡᠹ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠩᠬᠠᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠨᠠᠷ 《ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ》 ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ 《ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ》 ᠣᠭᠲᠣ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠵᠢᠭᠡ (Albert Somit ᠊ Joseph Tanenhaus᠂ 1967᠂ pp᠃ 4᠂ 5)᠃
ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ 1910 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠤᠣᠯᠢᠮ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠪᠠᠷᠰᠺᠯᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ 1931 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 13 ᠨᠳ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠤᠨ 1882 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ The International Review ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ «ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ» (Burgess᠂ 1882᠂ pp᠃ 346-352; ᠪᠧᠷᠵᠧᠰ᠂ January 2016᠂ pp᠃ 1-4) ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠠᠰᠢᠷᠠᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠢᠨᠠ ᠽᠧᠮᠦ᠋ᠯᠢᠶᠠᠺᠣᠸᠠ ᠠᠬᠠᠶᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠮ ᠰᠦᠯᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ (ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠤᠳᠬᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠠᠨᠲ ᠨᠢᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠳᠬᠣᠨᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ)᠃
(JOHN WILLIAM BURGESS)
ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠤᠣᠯᠢᠮ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ 1844 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 26 ᠨᠳ ᠲᠡᠩᠨᠢᠰᠢ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠺᠣᠷᠨᠰᠪᠡᠯᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠩ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠲ᠃ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ᠂ ᠮᠡᠷᠢ ᠵᠢᠦ᠋ᠳᠢ ᠡᠳ᠋ᠪᠠᠷᠳᠠᠰ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ 1630 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠰᠰᠠᠴᠢᠰᠡᠲᠲ᠋ᠰᠲ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠥᠷᠦᠩᠭᠡᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠷᠬᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ 1867 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠮᠬᠧᠷᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠦᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ 1871-1873 ᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠲᠦᠲᠢᠩᠭᠢᠨ᠂ ᠯᠡᠶᠢᠫᠼᠢᠭ᠂ ᠪᠧᠷᠯᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ 1873 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠮᠬᠧᠷᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠷᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠢ 1876-1912 ᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1880 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ (School of Political Science) ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠨᠳᠣᠣ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ 1886 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠶᠤ-ᠢᠣᠷᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠫᠣᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠢᠺᠠᠯ ᠰᠺᠠᠶᠢᠨᠰ ᠺᠣᠦᠷᠲ᠋ᠧᠯᠢ (Political Science Quarterly) ᠍ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ (John William Burgess᠂ 2016)᠃
ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠥᠨᠥᠳᠥᠷ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠰᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ-ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠹᠷᠡᠩᠰᠢᠰ ᠯᠢᠪᠦᠷ (Francis Lieber) ᠍ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠣᠬᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠥᠭᠥᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠲᠠᠢ ᠴᠤ᠂ ᠹ᠃ ᠯᠢᠪᠦᠷ 1858 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠢᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ (1837 ᠣᠨ) ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠨᠶᠤ-ᠢᠣᠷᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠠᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦ ᠰᠣᠮᠢ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠫᠷᠢᠨᠰᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠵᠣᠵᠡᠹ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠩᠬᠠᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠨᠠᠷ 《ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ》 ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ 《ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ》 ᠣᠭᠲᠣ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠵᠢᠭᠡ (Albert Somit ᠊ Joseph Tanenhaus᠂ 1967᠂ pp᠃ 4᠂ 5)᠃
ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠲ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ 1910 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠤᠣᠯᠢᠮ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠪᠠᠷᠰᠺᠯᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ 1931 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 13 ᠨᠳ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠤᠨ 1882 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ The International Review ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ «ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ» (Burgess᠂ 1882᠂ pp᠃ 346-352; ᠪᠧᠷᠵᠧᠰ᠂ January 2016᠂ pp᠃ 1-4) ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠠᠰᠢᠷᠠᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠢᠨᠠ ᠽᠧᠮᠦ᠋ᠯᠢᠶᠠᠺᠣᠸᠠ ᠠᠬᠠᠶᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠮ ᠰᠦᠯᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠪᠡᠷᠵᠧᠰ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ (ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠤᠳᠬᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠠᠨᠲ ᠨᠢᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠳᠬᠣᠨᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ)᠃
ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ
(THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCES IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE᠄ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ
НАУК В КОЛУМБИЙСКОМ КОЛЛЕДЖЕ)
ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠮᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠢᠯᠵᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠰᠢᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠤ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠡᠷᠢᠯᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠴᠤᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠰᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ. The International Review ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠱᠦᠳᠦᠭᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ᠂ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠨᠶᠤ-ᠢᠣᠷᠺ ᠬᠣᠲᠠᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠤᠭ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠢᠩᠬᠢᠮ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃
ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠮᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠢᠯᠵᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠰᠢᠷᠬᠡᠭ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠤ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠡᠷᠢᠯᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠵᠦ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠴᠤᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠰᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠰᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠴᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ. The International Review ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠱᠦᠳᠦᠭᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ᠂ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠨᠶᠤ-ᠢᠣᠷᠺ ᠬᠣᠲᠠᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠤᠭ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠢᠩᠬᠢᠮ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃
1᠃ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠢᠮ᠃
ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠱᠠᠲᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠥᠨᠥ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠴᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠵᠢᠩᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠩᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠂ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠤᠷᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠄ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ «ᠪᠠᠢ» ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠲᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠭᠢᠮᠨᠠᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠣᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠢ ᠴᠠᠳᠢᠭ ᠨᠠᠮᠲᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠷᠭᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ᠂ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠱᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠣᠯᠭᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠲᠥᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠢᠮᠨᠠᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷᠯᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠢᠮᠨᠠᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠄ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠭᠢᠮᠨᠠᠽᠢ᠂ ᠯᠢᠼᠧᠢ ᠳᠦᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠲᠦᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃
2᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠰᠣᠴᠢᠶᠠᠯᠣᠭᠢ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠫᠯᠣᠮᠠᠲ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ᠂ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ᠂ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠯᠭᠤᠬᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠄ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨᠡ᠄ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠂ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠄ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠷᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠄ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠫᠯᠣᠮᠠᠲ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ᠂ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠢᠺ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃
ᠡᠶᠢᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ᠂ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠥᠨᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠨᠰᠲ᠋ᠢᠲ᠋ᠦᠶᠢᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠄ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠶᠠᠳᠠᠮᠠᠭᠬᠠᠨ ᠡᠮᠫᠢᠷᠢᠰᠮ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠢᠮᠨᠠᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠴᠤ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠮᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ᠂ ᠳᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ᠂ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠨᠡ᠃ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠰᠬᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠡ᠄ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ᠄ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠭᠡᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠢᠮᠨᠠᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠨᠣᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠡ᠄ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠳᠠᠩ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ᠂ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠯᠧᠺᠼᠢ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠬᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠢ ᠫᠷᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨᠡ᠄ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠢᠲᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠨᠡᠮᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠲᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠦᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠦᠨᠡ᠃ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠪᠠᠯ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠦᠨᠡ᠄ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠄ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠨ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠄ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠵᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠣᠭᠣᠭᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠰᠰᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠄ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠯᠭᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠨ cum laude ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ᠂ magna cum laude ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃
ᠡᠶᠢᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ᠂ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠥᠨᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠨᠰᠲ᠋ᠢᠲ᠋ᠦᠶᠢᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠲᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠄ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠶᠠᠳᠠᠮᠠᠭᠬᠠᠨ ᠡᠮᠫᠢᠷᠢᠰᠮ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠰᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠢᠮᠨᠠᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠴᠤ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠮᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ᠂ ᠳᠠᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ᠂ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠨᠡ᠃ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠰᠬᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠣᠶᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠡ᠄ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠪᠦᠷᠢ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ᠄ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠭᠡᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠢᠮᠨᠠᠵᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠨᠣᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠡ᠄ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠳᠠᠩ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ᠂ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠯᠧᠺᠼᠢ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠬᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ᠂ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠢ ᠫᠷᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨᠡ᠄ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠯᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠦᠩ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠢᠮᠠᠭᠲᠠ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠢᠲᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠨᠡᠮᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠲᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠮᠥᠨ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠦᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠬᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠦᠨᠡ᠃ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠳᠦᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠺᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠰᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠪᠠᠯ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠦᠨᠡ᠄ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠄ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠨ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ᠂ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠄ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠵᠤ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠣᠭᠣᠭᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠢᠰᠰᠧᠷᠲ᠋ᠠᠼᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠄ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠯᠭᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠭᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠨ cum laude ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠰᠣᠹᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠥᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠠ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ᠂ magna cum laude ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃
3᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠡᠰᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠯᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠰᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠤᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ᠂ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠭᠢᠰᠢ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠡᠩᠨᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠷᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ᠂ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠬᠡᠲᠦᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠣᠭᠲᠣ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠢ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠳᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠄ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠯᠧᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠰᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠂ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠥᠮᠴᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠳ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠠᠰᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠦᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠬᠢᠸ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠪᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠵᠥᠪ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠯᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠴᠣᠬᠣᠮ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠯᠠ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨᠠ᠃
4᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ᠃
ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠪᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠷᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠱᠤᠭᠤᠮ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠨᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠷᠬᠢᠲ᠋ᠧᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠣᠮᠣ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ᠂ ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠪᠣᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠂ ᠬᠢᠯᠪᠠᠷᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠡᠷᠡᠮᠪᠡ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠥᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠮᠰᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠦᠢᠯᠡᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠪᠣᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠮ᠂ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠡ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠠᠷᠠᠬ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠂ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠᠷ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠺᠣᠮᠢᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠤᠨ᠂ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ᠂ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ᠂ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ᠂ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ᠂ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠ᠂ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ᠂ ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠶᠢᠮᠣ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠮᠡᠲᠦᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠵᠢᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ᠂ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠢᠪ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ᠂ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ᠂ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲᠷᠢ᠂ ᠢᠲᠠᠯᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠠᠪᠴᠢᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠯᠦᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠯᠲᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠴᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠶᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠴᠤ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠄ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠳ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ᠂ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠮ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠰᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠤᠮᠪᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠯᠧᠵᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠄ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠢᠳ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ᠂ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠮ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠰᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠡᠬᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ
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Burgess᠂ J. W᠃ (1882). The Study of Political Sciences in Columbia College. The International Review᠂ Vol. XII
John William Burgess᠃ (2016᠂ August 26). Retrieved from www.wikipedia.org᠄ https᠄//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JohnBurgess(politicalscientist)
Берджесс, Д. У. (January 2016)᠃ Изучение политических наук в Колумбийском колледже. Judgment Journal of Political Outlook᠂ Vol. I᠂ No᠃ 2᠃
Burgess᠂ J. W᠃ (1882). The Study of Political Sciences in Columbia College. The International Review᠂ Vol. XII
John William Burgess᠃ (2016᠂ August 26). Retrieved from www.wikipedia.org᠄ https᠄//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JohnBurgess(politicalscientist)
Берджесс, Д. У. (January 2016)᠃ Изучение политических наук в Колумбийском колледже. Judgment Journal of Political Outlook᠂ Vol. I᠂ No᠃ 2᠃
ᠤᠳᠬᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠠᠨᠲ ᠨᠢᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠳᠬᠣᠨᠪᠠᠶᠠ
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